8^th International Conference on Polymer Science and Engineering October 15-16, 2018 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

A composite material (also called a composition material) is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. Polymers are common matrices (especially used for fibre reinforced plastics). Road surfaces are often made from asphalt concrete which uses bitumen as a matrix. Typically, most common polymer-based composite materials, including fibreglass, carbon fibre, and Kevlar, include at least two parts, the substrate and the resin. Polyester resin tends to have yellowish tint, and is suitable for most backyard projects. Its weaknesses are that it is UV sensitive and can tend to degrade over time, and thus generally is also coated to help preserve it. It is often used in the making of surfboards and for marine applications. Its hardener is a peroxide, often MEKP (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide). When the peroxide is mixed with the resin, it decomposes to generate free radicals, which initiate the curing reaction. Hardeners in these systems are commonly called catalysts, but since they do not re-appear unchanged at the end of the reaction, they do not fit the strictest chemical definition of a catalyst.

The main concerns for humans in the future will be energy resources, food, health, mobility & infrastructure and communication. The foremost challenges in the upcoming decades will be the population that is increasing gradually, the concentration of people in expansive urban centers, globalization and the expected change of climate. There is no doubt that polymers will play a key role in finding successful ways in handling these challenges. Polymers will be the material of the new millennium and the production of polymeric parts i.e. green, sustainable, energy-efficient, high quality, low-priced, etc. will assure the accessibility of the finest solutions round the globe. Synthetic polymers have since a long time played a relatively important role in present-day medicinal practice. Many devices in medicine and even some artificial organs are constructed with success from synthetic polymers and smart polymers for microfluidics and Self-healing and reprocessable. Polymer Systems have been employed in various industrial applications. Polymer Science can be applied to save energy and improve renewable energy technologies.

Polymer physics is the branch of physics which deals with polymers, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, polymer structures and also with the kinetics. Polymer physics encloses the physical properties, structure and dynamics of polymers (both synthetic and naturally occurring) in various forms including semi-crystalline solids, glasses, elastomers, gels, melts, and solutions. Basic phenomena are of interest in accordance with the applications of polymers in technologies such as  optoelectronics, advance photovoltaic systems, coatings, composites, medicine, food and pharmacy and tissue engineering. The statistical approach for polymer physics is based on an analogy between a polymer and either a Brownian motion, or other type of a random walk, the self-avoiding walk. The simplest possible polymer model is presented by the ideal chain, corresponding to a simple random walk. Experimental approaches for characterizing polymers are also common, using Polymer characterization methods, such as size exclusion chromatography, Viscometry, Dynamic light scattering, and Automatic Continuous Online Monitoring of Polymerization Reactions (ACOMP)[5][6] for determining the chemical, physical, and material properties of polymers. These experimental methods also helped the mathematical modeling of polymers and even for a better understanding of the properties of polymers.

Polymer chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline that deals with the structures, chemical synthesis and properties of polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics and elastomers. Polymer chemistry is related to the broader field of polymer science, which also encompasses polymer physics and polymer engineering. Polymer chemistry is combining several specialized fields of expertise. It deals not only with the chemical synthesis, Polymer Structures and chemical properties of polymers which were esteemed by Hermann Staudinger as macromolecules but also covers other aspects of novel synthetic and polymerization methods, reactions and chemistry of polymers, properties and characterization of polymers, Synthesis and application of polymer bio conjugation and also polymer nanocomposites and architectures.

Polymer testing and consultancy for plastics, additives with applications including aerospace, automotive, electronics, packaging and medical devices. Polymers are a highly diverse class of materials which are available in all fields of engineering from avionics through biomedical applications, drug delivery system, biosensor devices, tissue engineering, cosmetics etc. and the improvement and usage of these depends on polymer applications and data obtained through rigorous testing. The applications of polymeric materials and their composites are still increasing rapidly due to their below average cost and ease of manufacture. When considering a polymer application, understanding how a material behaves over time allows us to assess its potential application and use. We can provide failure analysis of polymers and plastics and identify design faults or moulding issues. Our expertise can be applied to simple packaging films all the way through to advanced aerospace materials, and can be used as part of complex litigation cases. Polymeric materials tested include raw materials, polymer compounds, foams, structural adhesives and composites, fillers, fibres, films, membranes, emulsions, coatings, rubbers, sealing materials, adhesive resins, solvents, inks and pigments.

The field of Nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas for current research and development in basically all technical disciplines. This obviously includes Polymer Nanotechnology which includes microelectronics (which could now be referred to as nanomaterial). Other areas include polymer-based biomaterials, Nano medicine, Nano emulsion particles; fuel cell electrode polymer bound catalysts, layer-by-layer self-assembled polymer films, electrospun nanofabrication, imprint lithography, polymer blends and Nano composites. Phase separated polymer blends often achieve Nano scale phase dimensions; block copolymer domain morphology is usually at the Nano scale level; asymmetric membranes often have Nano scale void structure, mini emulsion particles In the large field of Nanotechnology, polymer matrix based Nano composites have become a prominent area of current research and development. Research of polymers and nanotechnology primarily focuses on efforts to design materials at a molecular level to achieve desirable properties and applications at a macroscopic level. With this broad focus, research ranges from fundamental scientific investigations of the interactions, properties and assembly of such molecular constituents to applied, engineering efforts that translate such fundamental information to futuristic technological advances.

Polymer Degradation and Stability deals with the degradation reactions and their control which are a major preoccupation of practitioners of the many and diverse aspects of modern polymer technology. Deteriorative reactions occur during processing, when polymers are subjected to heat, oxygen and mechanical stress, and during the useful life of the materials when oxygen and sunlight are the most important degradative agencies. In more specialised applications, degradation may be induced by high energy radiation, ozone, atmospheric pollutants, mechanical stress, biological action, hydrolysis and many other influences. The mechanisms of these reactions and stabilisation processes must be understood if the technology and application of polymers are to continue to advance.

Polymers used in biotechnology and medicine as macromolecules that undergo fast and reversible changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic microstructure triggered by small changes in their environments. These microscopic changes are apparent at the macroscopic level as precipitate formation in solutions of smart polymers or changes in the wettability of a surface to which a smart polymer is grafted. The changes are reversible, and the system returns to its initial state when the trigger is removed.

Polymers  application  is  represented  in  all areas  of  human  activity  and  everyday  life.  Therefore  it is  important  to  know  their  impact  on  human  health. Polymers  are  mostly  used  as  wrapping materials  in construction    industry. The   main   disadvantage   of   plasticmaterials  is  their  variable  transmission  for light, gases and steam, as well as softening in  high  temperatures.  Knowledge  of  kinds and   possible   harmful   effects   on   human health  is  imperative  in  the  choice  and  use of   certain   types   of   polymers.   Special attention must be taken in food industry.

The use of renewable resources provides an incentive to extend nonrenewable petrochemical supplies. The agriculture industry produces sufficient supplies of some agricultural products that could be used as renewable sources for polymer feed stocks, either through direct use or indirectly as carbon sources to drive fermentation processes. Biodegradability is an additional benefit of renewable sources of polymers. Any polymer synthesized by a biological system is inherently biodegradable. Biocompatibility is a potential benefit in some cases. Biopolymers are polymeric biomolecules polymers that are produced by living organisms. Since they are polymers, biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed: polynucleotides (RNA and DNA), which are long polymers composed of 13 or more nucleotide monomers; polypeptides, which are short polymers of amino acids; and polysaccharides, which are often linear bonded  polymeric carbohydrate structures.